Embezzlement is the act of dishonestly appropriating or secreting assets by one or more individuals to whom such assets have been entrusted.

Embezzlement is a kind of financial fraud. For instance, a clerk or cashier handling large sums of money could embezzle cash from his or her employer, a lawyer could embezzle funds from clients' trust accounts, a financial advisor could embezzle funds from investors, or a spouse could embezzle funds from his or her partner. Embezzlement may range from the very minor in nature, involving only small amounts, to the immense, involving large sums and sophisticated schemes.

More often than not, embezzlement is performed in a manner that is premeditated, systematic and/or methodical, with the explicit intent to conceal the activities from other individuals, usually because it is being done without their knowledge or consent. Often it involves the trusted person embezzling only a small proportion or fraction of the funds received, in an attempt to minimize the risk of detection. If successful, embezzlements can continue for years (or even decades) without detection. It is often only when the funds are needed, or called upon for use, that the victims realize the funds or savings are missing and that they have been duped by the embezzler.

In America embezzlement is a statutory offense so the definition of the crime varies from statute to statute. Typical elements are (1) the fraudulent (2) conversion (3) of the property (4) of another (5) by a person who has lawful possession of the property.[2]

Fraudulent: The requirement that the conversion be fraudulent means simply that the defendant wilfully and without claim of right or mistake converted the property to his or her own use.

Conversion: Embezzlement is a crime against ownership; that is, the owner's right to control the disposition and use of the property.[3] The conversion element requires a substantial interference with the true owner's property rights (unlike larceny, where the slightest movement of the property when accompanied by the intent to deprive one of the possession of the property permanently is sufficient).[4]

Property: Embezzlement statutes do not limit the scope of the crime to conversions of personal property. Statutes generally include conversion of tangible personal property, intangible personal property and choses in action. Real property is not typically included.

Of another: A person cannot embezzle his own property.

Lawful Possession: The critical element is that the defendant must have been in lawful possession of the property at the time of the fraudulent conversion and not have mere custody of the property. If the defendant had lawful possession the crime is embezzlement. If the defendant merely had custody, the crime is larceny.[5] Determining whether a particular person had lawful possession or mere custody is sometimes extremely difficult.

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Forensic accounting is the specialty practice area of accountancy that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation. "Forensic" means "suitable for use in a court of law", and it is to that standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work. Forensic accountants, also referred to as forensic auditors or investigative auditors, often have to give expert evidence at the eventual trial.[1] All of the larger accounting firms, as well as many medium-sized and boutique firms, have specialist forensic accounting departments. Within these groups, there may be further sub-specializations: some forensic accountants may, for example, just specialize in insurance claims, personal injury claims, fraud, construction, or royalty audits.

More information on Forensic Accounting

The Journal of Forensic Accounting: Auditing, Fraud, and Risk (more commonly Journal of Forensic Accounting or JFA) is an academic journal published semi-annually for the advancement and professional development of the practice of investigative and forensic accounting. It covers topics such as forensic accounting, fraud investigation, corporate scandal and white-collar crime, among others,[1] and the current editor-in-chief is D. Larry Crumbley, the KPMG Endowed Professor at Louisiana State University.[2]

The journal received a rating of "B - Quality" from the Australian Business Deans Council,[3] which places it as a "well regarded journal in the field", although with higher acceptance rates than those with higher rankings.[4] It has received a similar ranking from the University of Texas at Arlington Accounting Department.[5]

The journal has commissioned two books to be published as special supplements to the periodical. These supplements were included free of charge to certain subscribers when they were published[6], and are also available individually:

• Forensic Accounting in Matrimonial Divorce (James A. DiGabriele)[7]
• Expert Witnessing in Forensic Accounting (Walter J. Pagano and Thomas A. Buckhoff)[8]

The journal is available through print subscription as well as through archival CDs,[9] and is indexed in the Accounting and Tax Index, an index of ProQuest.

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